Portable Powerhouses: A Complete Guide to Portable Generators
A portable generator is a type of gasoline or diesel-powered machine designed to supply electrical power in locations where primary grid power is unavailable. Portable generators provide temporary electrical power for uses like construction sites, outdoor events, power outages, and recreational activities off the grid.
The technology behind portable generators dates back to the early 20th century when small electrical generator sets became viable to transport and operate independently of centralized power stations. As electricity became more widespread in society, the demand grew for compact generators that could provide power on the go. Throughout the 1900s, portable generator design improved steadily with the introduction of better engines, safer fuel tanks, and built-in safety features.
Today, portable generators are a common sight at worksites, tailgating parties, food trucks, outdoor festivals, RVs, and emergency response scenes. During weather-related power outages, portable generators offer homeowners or businesses temporary power for critical needs like refrigeration, medical devices, and lighting. For outdoor recreation, portable power gives campers and tailgaters the ability to plug in appliances, phones, TVs, and sound systems far off the grid. On job sites, contractors rely on portable generators to operate power tools, lighting, and construction equipment.
The many applications of modern portable generators provide convenient access to electricity for work and play anywhere it's needed temporarily beyond the reach of the power grid. Easy transportability and advanced safety mechanisms allow greater flexibility in generator use across locations while minimizing risks.
Types of Portable Generators
There are 4 main types of portable generators:
Gasoline Portable Generators
Gasoline portable generators are the most common type. They run on gasoline like your car or lawn mower. Gasoline generators provide strong power output for high energy demands, though they require refueling and proper maintenance. They are affordable but tend to be noisier and heavier than other options.
Propane Portable Generators
Propane generators use propane fuel, like from a standard tank used for gas grills. They produce clean energy and are more environmentally-friendly than gasoline models. Propane generators are quieter, easier to maintain, and the fuel lasts longer. But propane tanks take up space and propane may not always be readily available.
Diesel Portable Generators
Diesel portable generators run on diesel fuel. They offer some of the highest power outputs and runtimes, making them ideal for large job sites. Diesel generators are very durable and low maintenance. But they are more expensive, heavier in weight, and the fuel has a short shelf life.
Inverter Generators
Inverter generators produce a clean sine wave energy source that can safely power sensitive electronics like phones and computers. This makes them quieter and more portable. But inverter generators have lower power output capabilities and tend to be more expensive.
Key Components
A portable generator consists of several key components that allow it to produce electricity.
Engine
The engine is the power source of a generator. Most portable generators have single-cylinder engines that run on gasoline, diesel, or propane fuel. Engines provide the rotational force that spins the generator alternator to produce electricity. Common portable generator engines range from about 10 to 30 horsepower. More powerful engines allow generators to produce more wattage.
Fuel Tank
The fuel tank stores the generator's fuel supply. Fuel tank capacity can range from around 1 gallon for smaller portable models up to 10 gallons or more for larger units. Having an adequate fuel tank is important to allow extended running times before refueling. Some generators have dual fuel capability, meaning they can run on either gasoline or propane.
Control Panel
The control panel is the interface that allows users to control and monitor the generator. It typically includes controls for turning the generator on/off, displays for voltage and frequency output, circuit breakers, outlets, and a fuel gauge. Advanced control panels have features like electric start buttons, economy modes to conserve fuel, and warning indicators.
Outlets
Outlets provide connection points to supply electricity from the generator to devices and appliances. Portable generators typically have several standard 120V household outlets, plus larger 240V outlets for powering large appliances and tools. The number and type of outlets varies by model. Outlets may include twist-lock connectors or GFCI protection for safety.
Frame/Housing
The frame or housing encloses and protects the generator's internal components. Portable generator frames are usually made from steel or high-strength polymers. They include handles for lifting and transport wheels for mobility. The frame helps dampen noise and prevents damage to the engine and alternator. Some have lockable panels or doors to prevent tampering.
Power Output and Capacity
One of the most important factors when selecting a portable generator is understanding power output and capacity. This determines how much power the generator can supply and for how long.
Watts and Kilowatts
The power output of a generator is measured in watts. Watts measure the rate of energy flow. For reference, most household appliances require anywhere from 300 watts for a lamp up to 5000 watts for a hot water heater.
To make it easier to compare generators, power output is often stated in kilowatts (kW), which is equal to 1000 watts. So a 5000 watt generator could be described as a 5 kW generator.
The running wattage or rated wattage refers to the sustained power a generator can supply when running normally. Peak wattage describes the maximum power a generator can provide for a brief period of time when starting some motors or appliances.
Matching the rated wattage to your expected power needs is important so you don't overload the generator. Most generators have a label indicating the rated and peak wattage.
Voltage and Amperage
In addition to wattage, generators specify voltage and amperage:
Voltage measures electrical power similar to pressure in plumbing. Standard household voltage is 120V in North America.
Amperage measures the flow of electrical current similar to the flow from a pipe. Devices draw a certain number of amps depending on their wattage requirement.
Portable generators usually supply 120V and 240V output. While 120V is fine for most household electronics, high wattage devices like well pumps may require 240V.
Runtime
The fuel tank size and energy load determine how long a portable generator can run on a full tank:
Gasoline powered models list runtime in hours at a certain wattage load, like 10 hours at 50% load.
Propane powered models list runtime in hours based on the attached propane tank size, like 24 hours from a 20 lb tank.
Larger, more powerful generators consume more fuel but can also power more devices simultaneously. It's important to select a generator that can provide enough sustained power for the expected runtime. Having spare fuel is recommended for extended outages.
Safety Features
When using a generator, safety should always be a top priority. Portable generators have a number of important safety features to be aware of.
Automatic Shutoff
One of the most critical safety features is automatic shutoff. This will turn the generator off automatically if it detects a problem like low oil pressure or high temperature. This helps prevent damage to the generator.
Overload Protection
Another key safety feature is overload protection. If the generator is overloaded by connecting too many devices, this will automatically shut off the generator to prevent damage. Most models have lights or indicators that will warn if you are approaching the wattage limits.
CO Monitors
Carbon monoxide poisoning is a major risk of using portable generators. Many newer models have built-in CO monitors that will automatically shut down the engine if high CO levels are detected. This is an important feature for using generators safely indoors or in partially enclosed spaces.
Grounding
Proper grounding is essential for safety and preventing electrocution. Always ensure generators are grounded in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions before use. Connecting a generator to your home's electrical system should only be done by a qualified electrician using a transfer switch to avoid backfeed.
Following basic safety precautions and choosing a generator with automatic shutoff, overload protection, and CO monitors can help ensure safe operation. Regular maintenance and inspection is also critical. By being informed and taking the proper safety measures, portable generators can be used effectively and securely.
Noise Levels
Portable generators can produce substantial noise that may disturb you and your neighbors. Noise levels are rated in decibels (dB), with a higher dB indicating a louder generator. Most portable generators range from about 45 dB to 75 dB.
To put these noise ratings in perspective:
45-50 dB is about as loud as a normal conversation. This is considered quiet for a generator.
60 dB is comparable to the noise level of an average office. Moderate generator noise.
70+ dB is approaching the noise of a vacuum cleaner. This would be a loud generator.
When choosing a generator, consider the environment where you plan to run it. Generators designed for home use typically have quieter mufflers and sound insulation to reduce noise. Models rated at 59 dB or less are best for residential areas.
Compare noise specs before buying. Some affordable inverter generator models from Honda, Yamaha, and Briggs & Stratton operate at just 48-57 dB. Larger conventional generators with more power tend to be 65-75 dB.
Check your local regulations as many municipalities prohibit generator use if they exceed certain noise limits, often 65 dB or less as measured from adjacent properties. Running a loud generator can result in noise complaints or fines from neighbors or authorities. Select a "whisper quiet" model rated at the lowest noise level you can afford.
Proper placement can also reduce noise. Keep the generator as far away from dwellings as possible. Orient the muffler away from homes. Use a noise dampening enclosure if allowed. With some planning, you can run a generator at home without disturbing the peace.
Maintenance
Proper maintenance is crucial for keeping your portable generator running smoothly and extending its life. Here are some key maintenance tasks:
Oil and Filter Changes
Check the oil level regularly. Low oil can cause serious engine damage.
Change the oil after the first 20 hours of use. After that, change it every 50-100 hours of runtime or yearly, whichever comes first.
Replace the oil filter at each oil change. Use the specific filter recommended for your generator model.
Use high-quality engine oil labeled "for 4-stroke engines." Refer to your owner's manual for the proper oil type and viscosity.
Air Filter
Clean or replace the air filter regularly, around every 50 hours of runtime. A dirty filter can restrict airflow to the engine.
Remove the filter and gently tap it to remove debris, or use low-pressure compressed air. Replace if it's excessively dirty.
Check that the filter is seated properly when re-installing.
Fuel Stabilizer
Only use fuel stabilizer made for generators. Add it to the gas tank per the label instructions.
Using stabilizer treats the fuel and prevents it from degrading when the generator sits idle for long periods.
Storage
Before storing, add fuel stabilizer to the tank and run the generator for 10 minutes to circulate it through the fuel system.
Store the generator in a cool, dry place out of direct sunlight and extreme temperatures.
Avoid storing with too little or too much fuel in the tank. Run the tank halfway down before storage.
Testing
Test run the generator monthly for 10-20 minutes under at least half the rated load.
Testing ensures it's ready to operate when you need it and prevents issues from sitting unused.
Costs
The costs of owning and operating a portable generator can vary significantly depending on the size, fuel type, and features. Here are some of the main costs to consider:
Purchase Price
Portable generators range greatly in purchase price, from $500 to $3000 or more. Less expensive portable generators usually provide 3000-4500 watts, while larger generators providing 7000+ watts typically cost $1500 or more. Inverter generators and those with advanced features tend to sit at the higher end of price ranges.
Fuel Costs
Fuel type plays a major role in operating costs. Gasoline models need frequent fill ups that can add up over time, while propane and diesel burn cleaner and cost less per hour. But propane and diesel models have larger upfront costs. Here are estimated hourly fuel costs:
Gasoline - $0.75 to $1.50/hr
Propane - $0.40 to $0.80/hr
Diesel - $0.30 to $0.70/hr
Dual fuel models offer flexibility to choose the most cost efficient fuel option.
Maintenance Costs
Ongoing maintenance is required on all portable generators. This includes oil and filter changes, replacing spark plugs, cleaning or replacing air filters, replacing stale fuel, and other repairs. Budget $100-300 per year for maintenance costs.
Proper maintenance is important to ensure efficient, reliable operation and long generator life. Following the manufacturer's maintenance guidelines can help minimize lifetime costs.
Top Brands and Models
When selecting a portable generator, going with a trusted brand can give you peace of mind. Here are some of the top options to consider:
Honda
Honda portable generators are known for their reliable engines and quiet operation. Their inverter generator models like the Honda EU2200i offer clean power with minimal distortion for sensitive electronics. Honda's Eco-Throttle system also helps generators conserve fuel when not operating at full capacity.
EU2200i - 2,200 watt inverter model. Ultra-quiet at 48-57 dBA. Fuel efficient. Weighs 46 lbs.
EU7000is - 7,000 watt inverter generator. Great for RV use and home backup power. Fuel injection minimizes maintenance. Weighs 262 lbs.
Yamaha
Yamaha is another leading brand for inverter generators. Their models emphasize quietness, efficiency, and durability. Yamaha offers both conventional and inverter generators.
EF2000iSv2 - 1,600 watt inverter model. Extremely quiet at 51.5 dBA. Long run time. Weighs 44 lbs.
EF6300iSE - 5,500 watt inverter generator. Parallel capable for combining with another unit. CARB compliant. Weighs 209 lbs.
Champion
Champion Power Equipment offers affordable and reliable portable generators with various power outputs. Their open frame generators are good for job site and RV applications.
100263 - 3,100 watt open frame generator. Electric start and intuitive control panel. CARB compliant. Weighs 94 lbs.
100296 - 4,000 watt dual fuel generator. Can run on propane or gasoline. Electric start. Weighs 114 lbs.
Generac
Generac portable generators provide backup power for homes, events, worksites and more. They have a broad range of wattages, fuel types, and features.
GP15000E - 15,000 watt open frame model. Ideal for back-up home power. Weighs 278 lbs.
GP2200i - 2,200 watt inverter generator. Super quiet and fuel efficient. Parallel capable. Weighs 46 lbs.
Conclusion
Portable generators provide electricity on the go for convenient power during outages and away from the home. This article covered the main types like inverter and conventional generators, key components like the engine and alternator, power output and runtime considerations, safety features to look for, noise levels to be aware of, maintenance needs, costs and top brands and models to consider.
The main takeaways when selecting a portable generator are determining the necessary power output, fuel type preference, noise tolerance and safety features. It's also key to properly size the generator, maintain it and safely operate it. While an initial investment, a quality portable generator can provide peace of mind for years.